Causes and mechanism of concrete spalling under high temperature caused by fi re

Katarzyna Mróz; Izabela Hager

1.

C. Perry, J. Gillott, The infl uence of mortar aggregate bond strength on the behaviour of concrete in uniaxial compression, Cem. Concr. Res. 7, 553-564 (1977).

Google Scholar

2.

G. Khoury, Fire design of concrete structures - materials, structures and modelling, Federetion Internationale du Beton (fi b), Sprint-Digital-Druck, Stuttgart (2007).

Google Scholar

3.

G.A. Khoury, Y. Anderberg, Concrete spalling - review, Fire Safety Design (2000).

Google Scholar

4.

K. Brown, C. Marean, A. Herries, Z. Jacobs, C. Tribolo, D. Braun, D. Roberts, Meyer, M. Meyer, J. Bernatchez, Fire As an Engineering Tool of Early Modern Humans 325, 859-862 (2009).

Google Scholar

5.

H. Wilcke, W. Thunig, Kamieniarstwo, Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne, Warszawa, 134 (1997).

Google Scholar

6.

Barrett, On the French and other methods of constructing iron fl oors, XVI, 90-98 (1854).

Google Scholar

7.

A.L.A. Himmelwright, The San Francisco earthquake and fi re; a brief history of the disaster; a presentation of facts and resulting phenomena, with special reference to the effi ciency of building materials, lessons of the disaster, New York: The Roebling construction company (1906).

Google Scholar

8.

M. Gary, Fire tests on reinforced concrete buildings (in German), Verlag Wilhelm Ernst und Sohn, Heft 11, Germany (1916).

Google Scholar

9.

C.T.S. Authority, Inquiry into the fi re on Heavy Goods Vehicle shuttle 7539 on 18 November 1996, H.M. Stationery Offi ce 1997.

Google Scholar

10.

Technical Investigation Report concerning the Fire on Eurotunnel Freight Shuttle 7412 on 11 September 2008, BEA-TT, RAIB (2010).

Google Scholar

11.

Technical Investigation Report Concerning the Fire on Eurotunnel Freight Shuttle 7340 on 17 January 2015, BEA-TT, RAIB 2016.

Google Scholar

12.

Task force for technical investigation of the 24 March 1999 fi re in the Mont Blanc vehicular Tunnel, Minister of the Interior, Ministry of Equipment, Transportation and Housing (1999).

Google Scholar

13.

P. Kalifa, F. Menneteau, D. Quenard, Spalling and pore pressure in HPC at high temperatures, Cem. Concr. Res., 30, 1915-1927 (2000).

Google Scholar

14.

I. Hager, Comportement à haute température des bétons à haute performance - évolution des principales propriétés mécaniques. PhD Thesis, l’Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées and Cracow University of Technology, 65 – 67 (2004).

Google Scholar

15.

G. Khoury, Polypropylene fi bres in heated concrete. Part 2: Pressure relief mechanisms and modelling criteria., Mag Concrete Res 60, 189-204 (2008).

Google Scholar

16.

R. Connolly, The Spalling of Concrete in Fires. PhD Thesis, The University of Aston in Birmingham 1995

Google Scholar

17.

R. Jansson, L. Bostrom, The spalling in concrete - The moisture effect, part II, International Workshop on Concrete Spalling due to Fire Exposure, Paris, France 2013.

Google Scholar

18.

R. Jansson, L. Bostrom, Fire spalling - the moisture effect, w 1st International Workshop on Concrete Spalling due to Fire Exposure , Leipzig, Germany 2009.

Google Scholar

19.

P. Kalifa, F. Menneteau, H. Sallee, Moisture and temperature distribution in a specimen heated on one face, BRITE EURAM III Hiteco Programme BE-95-1158, 1998.

Google Scholar

20.

J.C. Mindeguia, Contribution Expérimentale A La Compréhension Des Risques D’instabilité Thermique Des Bétons. PhD Thesis, Universitè de Pau et des Pays de l’adour 2009.

Google Scholar

21.

G. Peng, Y. Kang, X. Liu, Q. Chen, J. Zhao, Explosive spalling and residual mechanical properties of Reactive Powder Concrete subjected to high temperature, 2nd International Workshop on Concrete Spalling due to Fire Exposure, Delft, The Netherlands 2011.

Google Scholar

22.

N. Taillefer, P. Pimienta, D. Dhima, Spalling f concrete: a synthesis of experimental tests on slabs, w 3rd International Workshop on Concrete Spalling due to Fire Exposure, Paris, France 2013.

Google Scholar

23.

I. Hager, T. Tracz, J. Śliwiński, K. Krzemień, The infl uence of aggregate type on the physical and mechanical properties of high-performance concrete subjected to high temperature, Fire Mater, 40, 668-682 (2016).

Google Scholar

24.

M. Heap, Y. Lavallee, A. Laumann, K.U. Hess, P. Meredith, D. Dingwell, S. Huismann, F. Weise, The influence of thermal-stressing (up to 1000C) on the physical, mechanical and chemical properties of siliceous aggregate, high strength concrete, Constr. Build. Mater., 42, 248-256 (2013).

Google Scholar

25.

U. Schneider, M. Alonso, P. Pimienta, R. Jansson, Physical properties and behaviour of High Performance Concrete at high temperature, RILEM Technical Committee 227-HPB, 2010.

Google Scholar

26.

I. Hager, T. Zdeb, K. Krzemień, The impact of the amount of polypropylene fi bres on spalling behaviour and residual mechanical properties of Reactive Powder Concretes, MATEC Web of Conferences 6, 02003, 2013.

Google Scholar

27.

J. C. Mindeguia, P. Pimienta, A. Noumowe, M. Kanema, Temperature, pore pressure and mass variation of concrete subjected to high temperature - Experimental and numerical discussion on spalling risk, Cem. Concr. Res., 40, 477-487 (2012).

Google Scholar

28.

J. C. Mindeguia, P. Pimienta, H. Carre, C. La Borderie, Experimental study on the contribution of pore vapour pressure to the thermal instability risk of concrete, International Workshop on Concrete Spalling due to Fire Exposure, Leipzig, Germany 2009.

Google Scholar

29.

H. Carré, P. Pimienta, C. La Borderie , F. Pereira, J.C. Mindeguia, Effect of compressive loading on the risk of spalling, MATEC Web of Conferences 6, 01007, 2013.

Google Scholar

30.

L. Boström, R. Jansson, Self-Compacting Concrete Exposed to Fire, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Borås 2008.

Google Scholar

31.

RILEM Technical Committee 256-SPF : Spalling of concrete due to fi re: testing and modelling, [Online]. Available: https://www.rilem.net/ groupe/256-spf-spalling-of-concrete-due-to-fi re-testing-and-modelling-309. [12.08.2017].

Google Scholar

32.

I. Hager, P. Pimienta, Mechanical properties of HPC at High Temperature, Workshop Fire Design of Concretes: What now? What next?, Milan, Italy, 95 – 100, 2004.

Google Scholar

33.

I. Hager, T. Tracz, Wpływ wysokiej temperatury na wybrane właściwości betonu wysokowartościowego z dodatkiem włókien polipropylenowych, (Infl uence of high temperature on selected properties of high performance concrete modifi ed by the addition of polypropylene fi bres), Cement Wapno Beton, 1, 3-10 (2009).

Google Scholar

34.

G. A. Khoury, Y. Anderberg, Fire Safety Design. Concrete spalling - review, Swedish National Road Administration, 2000.

Google Scholar

35.

A. Bolewski, Mineralogia Szczegółowa, Wydawnictwa Geologiczne, 609 – 617, 1965.

Google Scholar

36.

G. Debicki, R. Haniche, F. Delhomme, An experimental method for assessing the spalling sensitivity of concrete mixture submitted to high temperature, Cem. Concr. Comp., 34, 958 – 963 (2012).

Google Scholar

37.

D. Cook, M. Haque, The effect of sorption on the tensile creep and strength reduction of desiccated concrete, Cem. Concr. Res., 4, 367-379 (1974).

Google Scholar

38.

Lahanas, Ancient Greek Artillery Technology from Catapults to the Architronio Canon, [Online]. Available: http://www.hellenicaworld.com. [30.06.2017].

Google Scholar

39.

K. Willam, K. Lee, Y. Xi, G. Xotta, V. Salomoni, Explosive spalling of concrete materials under extreme environments, 2nd International RILEM Workshop on Concrete Spalling due to Fire Exposure, Delft, The Netherlands 2011.

Google Scholar

40.

E. Richter, Fire test on single-shell tunnel segments made of a new high-performance fi reproof concrete, Workshop Fire Design of Concrete Structures: What now? What next?, 261-270, 2004.

Google Scholar

41.

D. Gawin, F. Pesavento, B. Schrefl er, Modelling of hygro-thermal behaviour of concrete at high temperature with thermo-chemical and mechanical material degradation, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 192, 1731-1771 (2003).

Google Scholar

42.

D. Gawin, F. Pesavento, Prediction of the thermal spalling risk of concrete structures exposed to high temperatures, ACEE 1, 49-60 (2009).

Google Scholar

43.

I. Hager, T. Tracz, K. Krzemień, The usefulness of selected non-destructive and destructive methods in the assessment of concrete after fi re, Cement Wapno Beton 3, 145-151 (2014).

Google Scholar

44.

Instytut Techniki Budowlanej, [Online]. www.itb.pl/. [10.08.2017].

Google Scholar

45.

ISO 834-1: Fire resistance tests. Elements of building construction - Part 1: General requirements, International Organization for Standardization 1999.

Google Scholar

46.

EN 1363-2: Fire resistance tests. Alternative and additional procedures, BSI CO TO?, 1999.

Google Scholar

47.

R. Jansson, L. Boström, Spalling of concrete exposed to fi re, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Borås 2008.

Google Scholar

48.

A. Heel, W. Kusterle, Die Brandbeständigkeit von Faser-, Stahl- und Spannbeton [Fire resistance of fi ber-reinforced, reinforced, and prestressed concrete] (in German), Tech. Rep. 544, Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Innovation und Technologie, Vienna 2004.

Google Scholar

49.

K. Krzemień, I. Hager, Assessment of concrete susceptibility to fi re spalling: A report on the state-of-the-art in testing procedures, Procedia Engineering, 108, 285-292 (2015).

Google Scholar

50.

D. Hertz, Limits of spalling of fi re-exposed concrete, Fire Safety Journal, 38, 103-116 (2003).

Google Scholar

51.

T. Tanibe, M. Ozawa, R. Kamata, R. Sato, K. Rokugo, Thermal stress estimation in relation to spalling of HSC restrained with steel rings at high temperatures, MATEC Web of Conferences 6, 01004, 2013.

Google Scholar

52.

P. Kalifa, G. Chene, C. Galle, High-temperature behaviour of HPC with polypropylene fi bres. From spalling to microstructure, Cem. Concr. Res., 31, 1487 - 1499 (2001).

Google Scholar

53.

FIB, Fire design of concrete structures - materials, structures and modelling, Bulletin 38, Laussane, Switzerland 2007.

Google Scholar

54.

H. Malhotra, Spalling of concrete in fi res. Technical note 118, Construction Industry Research and Information Association, London 1984.

Google Scholar

55.

L. Phan, Spalling and mechanical properties of high strength concrete at high temperature, w Concrete under Severe Conditions: Environment & Loading, F. Toutlemonde et al. (eds), Tours, Francja 2007.

Google Scholar

56.

I. Hager, T. Tracz, Parameters infl uencing concrete spalling severity - intermediate scale tests results, 4th International RILEM Workshop on Concrete Spalling due to Fire Exposure, Leipzig, Germany 2015.

Google Scholar

57.

C. Meyer-Ottens, The question of spalling of concrete structural elements of standard concrete under fi re loading, PhD Thesis, Technical University of Braunschweig, Germany 1972.

Google Scholar

58.

C. Mayer-Ottens, Behaviour of concrete structural members in fi re consitions (in German), Beton 4, 133 - 136 (1974).

Google Scholar

59.

C. Majorana, V. Salomoni, G. Mazzucco, G. Khoury, An approach for modelling concrete spalling in fi nite strains, Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 80 (2010).

Google Scholar

60.

G. Shorter, T. Hermathy, Discussion on the Fire Resistance of Prestresses Concrete Beams, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineering, 20, 313 (1961).

Google Scholar

61.

I. Hager, T. Tracz, The impact of the amount and length of fi brillated polypropylene fi bres on the properties of HPC exposed to high temperature, Archives of Civil Engineering 56, 57 – 68 (2010).

Google Scholar

62.

P. Tatnall, Shortcrete in Fires: Effects of fi bers on explosive spalling, Shortcrete, 10-12 (2002).

Google Scholar

63.

EN 1992-1-2, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures - Part 1-2: General rules - Structural fi re design, (English) (2004).

Google Scholar

64.

K. Pistol, F. Weise, B. Meng, U. Schneider, The mode of action of polypropylene fi bres in high performance concrete at high temperatures, 2nd International RILEM Workshop on Concrete Spalling due to Fire Exposure, Delft, The Netherlands 2011.

Google Scholar

65.

P. Sullivan, Deterioration and spalling of high strength concrete under fi re, Report for UK Health & Safety Executive, City University London 2001.

Google Scholar

66.

D. Bentz, Fibres, Percolation, and Spalling of High Performance Concrete, ACI Materials Journal 97, 351-359 (2000).

Google Scholar

67.

I. Hager, T. Zdeb, K. Krzemień, The impact of the amount of polypropylene fi bres on spalling behaviour and residual mechanical properties of Reactive Powder Concretes, MATEC Web of Conferences, 6, 02003 (2013).

Google Scholar

68.

D. Hertz, Heat induced explosion on fi re behaviour of concrete, Denmark: Report no. 166, Institute of Building Design, 1984.

Google Scholar